Lessons Learned from the Camden Coalition's Work with High Needs, High Complexity Patients.

The Camden Coalition of Healthcare Providers built a nationally recognized model of intensive care coordination for high needs, high complexity patients. The model was tested using a randomized controlled trial, which showed no impact on hospital and emergency room utilization. This was a surprising result at the time. The negative results may have been due to several factors including untreated and unresolved early life trauma, lack of access to appropriately trained local services, and incorrect diagnosis and treatments within the health care field. Integration of high-quality primary care services within the mental health and social service field may be a more effective solution than coordination between services.

Quantifying Ambulatory Care Use Preceding Emergency Department Visits and Hospitalizations for Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions.

Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions (ACSC) represent a significant source of health care spending in the United States. Existing literature is largely descriptive and there is limited information about how an emergency department (ED) visit or hospitalization for ACSCs is related to prior ambulatory care visits. A retrospective, observational study was conducted using health records from a large midwestern health system during a 20-month period between 2012 and 2014. Our primary variables were (1) type of care setting (i.e., ED visit or hospitalization) and (2) whether the patient received ambulatory care services in the 14, 30, and 60 days before the ED visit or hospital admission. Of patients seen in the ED for ACSCs, 11.9%, 16.3%, and 21.67% were seen in ambulatory care in the 14, 30, and 60 days prior, respectively. Of those hospitalized for ACSCs, 29.1%, 39.9%, and 53% were seen in ambulatory care in the 14, 30, and 60 days prior, respectively. These results highlight a potential lost opportunity to address ACSCs in the ambulatory care setting. Such knowledge can inform interventions to reduce avoidable ACSC-related acute care use and health care costs, and improve patient outcomes.

Cluster Analysis of Acute Care Use Yields Insights for Tailored Pediatric Asthma Interventions.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: We undertake this study to understand patterns of pediatric asthma-related acute care use to inform interventions aimed at reducing potentially avoidable hospitalizations. METHODS: Hospital claims data from 3 Camden city facilities for 2010 to 2014 were used to perform cluster analysis classifying patients aged 0 to 17 years according to their asthma-related hospital use. Clusters were based on 2 variables: asthma-related ED visits and hospitalizations. Demographics and a number of sociobehavioral and use characteristics were compared across clusters. RESULTS: Children who met the criteria (3,170) were included in the analysis. An examination of a scree plot showing the decline in within-cluster heterogeneity as the number of clusters increased confirmed that clusters of pediatric asthma patients according to hospital use exist in the data. Five clusters of patients with distinct asthma-related acute care use patterns were observed. Cluster 1 (62% of patients) showed the lowest rates of acute care use. These patients were least likely to have a mental health-related diagnosis, were less likely to have visited multiple facilities, and had no hospitalizations for asthma. Cluster 2 (19% of patients) had a low number of asthma ED visits and onetime hospitalization. Cluster 3 (11% of patients) had a high number of ED visits and low hospitalization rates, and the highest rates of multiple facility use. Cluster 4 (7% of patients) had moderate ED use for both asthma and other illnesses, and high rates of asthma hospitalizations; nearly one quarter received care at all facilities, and 1 in 10 had a mental health diagnosis. Cluster 5 (1% of patients) had extreme rates of acute care use. CONCLUSION: Differences observed between groups across multiple sociobehavioral factors suggest these clusters may represent children who differ along multiple dimensions, in addition to patterns of service use, with implications for tailored interventions.

Community-Based Health Education Programs Designed to Improve Clinical Measures Are Unlikely to Reduce Short-Term Costs or Utilization Without Additional Features Targeting These Outcomes.

Stakeholders often expect programs for persons with chronic conditions to "bend the cost curve." This study assessed whether a diabetes self-management education (DSME) program offered as part of a multicomponent initiative could affect emergency department (ED) visits, hospital stays, and the associated costs for an underserved population in addition to the clinical indicators that DSME programs attempt to improve. The program was implemented in Camden, New Jersey, by the Camden Coalition of Healthcare Providers to address disparities in diabetes care. Data used are from medical records and from patient-level information about hospital services from Camden's hospitals. Using multivariate regression models to control for individual characteristics, changes in utilization over time and changes relative to 2 comparison groups were assessed. No reductions in ED visits, inpatient stays, or costs for participants were found over time or relative to the comparison groups. High utilization rates and costs for diabetes are associated with longer term disease progression and its sequelae; thus, DSME or peer support may not affect these in the near term. Some clinical indicators improved among participants, and these might lead to fewer costly adverse health events in the future. DSME deployed at the community level, without explicit segmentation and targeting of high health care utilizers or without components designed to affect costs and utilization, should not be expected to reduce short-term medical needs for participating individuals or care-seeking behaviors such that utilization is reduced. Stakeholders must include financial outcomes in a program's design if those outcomes are to improve.

The Core of Care Management: The Role of Authentic Relationships in Caring for Patients with Frequent Hospitalizations.

In the movement to improve the health of patients with multiple chronic conditions and vulnerabilities, while reducing the need for hospitalizations, care management programs have garnered wide attention and support. The qualitative data presented in this paper sheds new light on key components of successful chronic care management programs. By going beyond a task- and temporal-based framework, this analysis identifies and defines the importance of "authentic healing relationships" in driving individual and systemic change. Drawing on the voices of 30 former clients of the Camden Coalition of Healthcare Providers, the investigators use qualitative methods to identify and elaborate the core elements of the authentic healing relationship-security, genuineness, and continuity-a relationship that is linked to patient motivation and active health management. Although not readily found in the traditional health care delivery system, these authentic healing relationships present significant implications for addressing the persistent health-related needs of patients with frequent hospitalizations. (Population Health Management 2016;19:248-256).

Early efforts to target and enroll high-risk diabetic patients into urban community-based programs.

Health care disparities in minority populations can be attributed to a number of factors, including lack of access to coordinated primary care and chronic disease management programming. Interventions using a data-centric, coordinated, multidisciplinary, team-based approach to address patients with complex chronic comorbidities have demonstrated improvements in patient outcomes. The use of hospital admission and billing data coupled with care management teams to care for high-risk patients with chronic conditions may be an effective model for improving quality of care while reducing health care costs. This article describes how Camden city, the poorest city in the nation, has made headway toward developing an integrated approach to improving care while reducing costs for the city's most vulnerable.

The fragmentation of hospital use among a cohort of high utilizers: implications for emerging care coordination strategies for patients with multiple chronic conditions.

BACKGROUND: Use of multiple hospitals by patients with multiple chronic conditions (MCC) may undermine emerging care coordination initiatives. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and correlates of fragmented hospital use among high users with MCC and derive implications for care management. RESEARCH DESIGN: Using all-payer hospital billing data, we follow a 2-year cohort of patients with at least 2 inpatient stays, identifying those with MCC and calculating the percentage using multiple hospitals and applying multivariate Poisson regression to predict correlates of multiple hospital use. SUBJECTS: The subjects included in our study were New Jersey adults with at least 2 inpatient stays during a 24-month period between 2007 and 2010. RESULTS: Nearly 80% of the study cohort had ≥2 chronic conditions and >30% had fragmented hospital use. The probability of visiting multiple hospitals was positively associated with the number of chronic conditions present at admission, total number of admissions, lower hospital market concentration, and injury or behavioral health diagnoses. Over 40% of patients with ≥4 stays had multiple hospital use. CONCLUSIONS: Fragmentation of hospital care occurs frequently among high utilizers with MCC. Although multiple hospital use is not necessarily inappropriate, it may present barriers to effective care coordination for complex patients with MCC, leading to higher costs or worse outcomes. Leaders of innovative delivery reforms such as Accountable Care Organizations should monitor and coordinate care for multiple hospital users, especially those with MCC.

Building a citywide, all-payer, hospital claims database to improve health care delivery in a low-income, urban community.

Developing data-driven local solutions to address rising health care costs requires valid and reliable local data. Traditionally, local public health agencies have relied on birth, death, and specific disease registry data to guide health care planning, but these data sets provide neither health information across the lifespan nor information on local health care utilization patterns and costs. Insurance claims data collected by local hospitals for administrative purposes can be used to create valuable population health data sets. The Camden Coalition of Healthcare Providers partnered with the 3 health systems providing emergency and inpatient care within Camden, New Jersey, to create a local population all-payer hospital claims data set. The combined claims data provide unique insights into the health status, health care utilization patterns, and hospital costs on the population level. The cross-systems data set allows for a better understanding of the impact of high utilizers on a community-level health care system. This article presents an introduction to the methods used to develop Camden's hospital claims data set, as well as results showing the population health insights obtained from this unique data set.

Generating hypotheses about care needs of high utilizers: lessons from patient interviews.

Informed by a largely secondary and quantitative literature, efforts to improve care and outcomes for complex patients with high levels of emergency and hospital-based health care utilization have offered mixed results. This qualitative study identifies psychosocial factors and life experiences described by these patients that may be important to their care needs. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 patients of the Camden Coalition of Healthcare Providers' Care Management Team. Investigators coded transcripts using a priori and inductively-derived codes, then identified 3 key themes: (1) Early-life instability and traumas, including parental loss, unstable or violent relationships, and transiency, informed many participants' health and health care experiences; (2) Many "high utilizers" described a history of difficult interactions with health care providers during adulthood; (3) Over half of the participants described the importance to their well-being of positive and "caring" relationships with primary health care providers and the outreach team. Additionally, the transient and vulnerable nature of this complex population posed challenges to follow-up, both for research and care delivery. These themes illuminate potentially important hypotheses to be explored in more generalizable samples using robust and longitudinal methods. Future work should explore the prevalence and impact of adverse childhood experiences among "high utilizers," and the different types of relationships they have with providers. Investigators should test new modes of care delivery that attend to patients' trauma histories. This qualitative study was well suited to provide insight into the life stories of these complex, vulnerable patients, informing research questions for further investigation.